Matt1988 said:
I read somewhere someone said planted tanks aren't cycled the same way normal tanks are I was just wondering what the difference was
Hello,
All tanks cycle in the same way. What we call the nitrification cycle is simply the buildup of populations of certain species of bacteria that we consider helpful, and which are those species that contribute to the oxidation of highly toxic Nitrogen compounds such as ammonia and Nitrite into the much less toxic Nitrogen compound Nitrate.
The problem with a new tank is that the population of bacteria required to safely oxidize these Nitrogen compounds number in the trillions. In one milliliter of water the required microbe count may be somewhere on the order of 50-100 million. The sediment and filter media population required is somewhere around 40-50 million per gram of sediment. These numbers are astounding and they are not achievable overnight.
Normally, bacteria reproduce by a process known as "binary fission", in which one bacterium splits into two bacteria. Each of the two split and become four bacteria, and so on and so on. It therefore takes many weeks to go from a population of one, to a population of one trillion.
So it's a numbers game. To have any appreciable effect on the concentration of toxic Nitrogen compounds, you need large numbers of the microbes.
In an unplanted tank, while the bacteria are busy building their populations, the only safe way to keep fish alive is to continually reduce the ammonia and nitrite concentration buildup is by continually removing water.
In a planted tank, the plants absorb and feed on the ammonia, so essentially, plants compete with the bacterial population for ammonia. But the plants must be healthy for that to happen effectively.
Many people assume that these bacteria only require ammonia, and that the more ammonia the better, but this is only half the story. The bacteria also require Oxygen, as well as K, PO4, and micronutrients. When people dump loads of ammonia in their tank, they think that they are helping the bacterial growth, but in fact they are killing the very same bacteria they are trying to cultivate.
In an unplanted tank there will be a severe shortage of Oxygen. This Oxygen limitation will limit the ability of the bacterial population to grow. It doesn't matter how much ammonia is dumped into the tank if there is insufficient Oxygen and insufficient PO4, K, carbohydrates and micronutrients. These are the limiting nutrients, not ammonia.
In a planted tank, assuming the plants are healthy, plants release massive amounts of Oxygen, not only into the water column, but they also transfer the Oxygen into the sediment because their roots require Oxygen supplementation after the roots are flooded. The Oxygen sent to the roots to keep them alive then escapes into the sediment so that the bacterial populations in the sediment are not limited by the poor Oxygen levels typical of unplanted sediments. Plants also release carbohydrates such as sugar into the water and sediment. So although the plants compete with the bacteria for ammonia, they actually help the bacteria by providing the starch and Oxygen the bacteria require to build healthy populations. Since Oxygen and nutrition is available, a wider variety of aerobic bacterial species can develop.
In a healthy, well planted thank therefore, the bacterial population rise more quickly and are sustained more easily because they have access to almost unlimited nutrient, carbohydrate and Oxygen levels. The so-called "cycle", which is the simple buildup of bacterial population, still occurs, but occurs more rapidly and with better stability. There is no need to add toxic ammonia to the tank. The organic matter in the tank from the plant leaves themselves which fall off, decay and provide the bacteria with the ammonia they require. Every surface of the plant is already covered with bacteria so the tank becomes seeded with these forms. One can add a little mulm from another tank or even a bit of garden soil to the sediment and filter to add more numbers. There is no need to buy bacteria because they are everywhere.
So these are the fundamental differences between an unplanted and a planted tank. So it is not that something "different" happens, it's simply that the things that happen, the things that we want to happen are massively enhanced by the presence of healthy plants. And that is why we are encouraged to start the tank with as many plants as possible, and with as many rooted plants as possible, because it is the substrate that does a lot of the heavy lifting in terms of bacterial population and nitrification.
Cheers,